Internet
October 29, 1969 - Internet created; connection established between computers at UCLA,
Stanford Research Institute in first wide area packet switching network, two
nodeARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) of US Department of Defense, over 50
kbps line provided by AT&T.
1971 -
Ray Tomlinson (Bolt Beranek and Newman) wrote/sent first email program
through ARPANET (Internet) between two machines side by side; selected @ symbol
to separate login name from host name in email.
December 13, 1977 - Robert M. Metcalfe, of Woodside, CA, David R. Boggs, of Palo Alto, CA,
Charles P. Thacker; of Palo Alto, CA, Butler W. Lampson of Portola
Valley, CA, received a patent for a "Multipoint Data Communication
System with Collision Detection" ("apparatus for enabling communications
between two or more data processing stations comprising a communication
cable arranged in branched segments including taps distributed thereover");
ethernet; assigned to Xerox Corporation.
December 1984 -
Stanford University computer scientists Len Bosack, Sandy Lerner
co-founded Cisco Systems; named for San Francisco, gateway to Pacific Rim; 1991 - John Chambers hired as Senior Vice
President, Worldwide Sales and Operations; January 1995 -
Chambers appointed CEO.
November 12, 1990 - Tim Berners-Lee, consulting software engineer at CERN (European Laboratory for
Particle Physics, originally known as Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire),
largest Internet node in Europe, wrote program for first web browser
(browser-editor), called WorldWideWeb, on
NeXT computer; December 25, 1990 -
communicated with first web server at info.cern.ch; August 6, 1991
- put first website online, CERN telephone book (immediately useful,
rapidly accepted);
1994 - founded World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; comprised companies willing to
create standards, recommendations to improve quality of Internet; December 2004 - accepted chair in Computer Science at School
of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK.
February 1994 -
Stanford University Ph.D students Jerry Yang, David Filo created
Yahoo! (acronym for Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle!).
April 4, 1994
- Jim Clark, Marc Andreessen founded Mosaic Communications, renamed
Netscape Communications; first commercial browser enabled better links,
faster moves through Internet; October 1994
- Netscape web browser 1.0 released; August 10, 1995- Netscape, developer of Navigator, popular software for surfing World Wide Web, went public; largest Initial Public Offering (IPO) in
Wall Street history - five million shares priced at $28, traded to high
of $72 (market value of $1.96 billion).
September 1995
- Pierre Omidyar, developer services engineer for
General Magic (mobile
communication platform company), launched
online service called Auction Web as sole proprietorship in his San Jose living room
as online venue for direct person-to-person auction of
collectible items; correspondents began to register
trade goods of enormous variety; 1997 - name changed to
eBay; hosted nearly 800,000 auctions a day; 1998 - went
public; more than million registered users; recruited Hasbro executive Margaret
Whitman to serve as CEO.
December 15, 1995
- Alta Vista web site, developed by researchers at Digital Equipment
Research Laboratories in Palo Alto, CA, made public; first web-page discovery tool to gain
wide popularity; initially indexed 16 million
web pages; January 5, 1996 - handled 2 million requests
per day; November 1996 - 22 million requests per day.
January 1996
- Larry Page, Sergey Brin began collaboration on search engine
called BackRub (named for unique ability to analyze "back links"
pointing to given website); September 1998 - Google Inc. opened (play on word googol, coined by Milton Sirotta,
nephew of American mathematician Edward Kasner, popularized in
book, Mathematics and the Imagination by Kasner and James Newman;
refers to number represented by numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros; reflected company's mission to organize seemingly infinite amount of information available on web);
September 21, 1999 - beta label came off website,
search engine launched; August 19, 2004 - initial public
offering; priced at $85 per share. Traded above $300 per share within
first year; November 6, 2007 - traded at $747.24, all-time
high.
July 4, 1996
- Hotmail went online (created by Sabeer Bhatia, Jack Smith);
acquired by Microsoft for $400 million.
December 23, 1997
- Jorn Barger, of Robot Wisdom, regarded as first blogger; began
business of hunting, gathering links to things in which he was
interested; David Winer (Scripting News), Cameron
Barrett (CamWorld) early proponents.
October 1, 1998
- ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) created
through Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between U.S. Department of Commerce,
ICANN to transition management of Domain Name System (DNS) from U.S. government
to global community; not-for-profit public/private partnership dedicated to
keeping Internet secure, stable, interoperable; assumed responsibility for
selling top-level domain names for Internet (coordination role of Internet’s
naming system).
2002 - Blake Ross (17), Dave
Hyatt launched Mozilla Firefox project, community-made Web browser;
November 9, 2004 - released Firefox 1.0, open-source and non-profit web
browser; 2006 - Interbrand named Firefox one of top ten brands in
world (over 15% of world’s Web users use it); with Joe Hewitt formed Parakey,
Inc. to develop software billed as Web-based operating system; July 2007
- acquired by Facebook.
October 9, 2006
- Google agreed to pay $1.65 billion in stock for YouTube,19-month old
video-sharing start-up
February 1, 2008 -
Microsoft made unsolicited $44.7 billion bid for Yahoo in
attempt to better compete with Google.
(Cisco Systems), David Bunnell with Adam Brate. (2000). Making the Cisco Connection: The Story Behind the Real Internet
Superpower (New
York, NY: Wiley, 218 p.). Cisco Systems, Inc.; Cisco Systems, Inc.;
Telecommunication; Telecommunication--Equipment and supplies; Routers
(Computer networks).
(Cisco Systems), Jeffrey A. Young (2000). Cisco Unauthorized:
Inside the High-Stakes Race to Own the Future (Roseville, CA: Forum,
310 p.). Cisco Systems, Inc.; Internet industry--United States;
Internetworking (Telecommunication)--United States.
(Cisco Systems), Ed Paulson (2001).Inside Cisco: The Real Story
of Sustained M & A Growth. (New York, NY: Wiley, 314 p.). Cisco
Systems, Inc.; Computer industry--Mergers--California; Consolidation and
merger of corporations--California.
(Cisco Systems), John K. Waters (2002). John Chambers and the
CISCO Way: Navigating Through Volatility. (New York, NY: Wiley,
192 p.). Chambers, John T.; Cisco Systems, Inc.; Chief executive
officers--United States--Biography; Internet industry--United
States--Management.
(Cisco Systems), Robert Slater (2003). The Eye of the Storm: How
John Chambers Steered Cisco Through the Internet Collapse. (New
York, NY: HarperBusiness, 289
p.). Chambers, John, 1949- ; Cisco Systems, Inc.--Management;
Corporate turnarounds--United States--Case studies; Computer
industry--United States--Management--Case studies; Data transmission
equipment industry--United States--Management--Case studies; Computer
industry--United States--History; Data transmission equipment
industry--United States--History; Internet industry--United
States--History.
Len Bosack- Cisco Systems (http://www.pbs.org/opb/ nerds2.0.1/
cast/ images/bosack.gif)
Sandy Lerner- Cisco (http://www.su.edu/i mages/lerner_s.jpg)
(Craigslist.com), Kyle MacDonald (2007).
One Red Paperclip: Or How an Ordinary Man Achieved His Dreams with the
Help of a Simple Office Supply. (New York, NY: Three Rivers
Press, 320 p.). MacDonald, Kyle, 1979- ; Craigslist.com (Firm); Barter;
Exchange; Electronic commerce. July 2005 - Author
swapped a red paperclip for a house in year-long series of 14
"up-trades" on the internet.
(e-Bay), David Bunnell with Richard A. Luecke (2000). The e-Bay
Phenomenon: Business Secrets Behind the World's Hottest Internet Company.
(New York, NY: Wiley, 210 p.). Internet auctions.
(e-Bay), Adam Cohen (2002). The Perfect Store: Inside eBay.
(Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 332 p.). Internet auctions.
(e-Bay), Kenneth Walton (2006). Fake: Forgery, Lies and eBay. (New York, NY: Simon Spotlight
Entertainment, 304 p.). Walton, Ken, 1967- ; Fetterman, Ken; Internet
fraud--United States--Case studies; Arts--Forgeries--United States--Case
studies; Internet auctions--Corrupt practices--United States--Case
studies. Power of greed - scandal that forever
changed the way eBay does business.
(e-Bay), Elen Lewis (2007).
Great Brand Stories: eBay: The Story of a Brand That Taught Millions of
People to Trust One Another. (London, UK: Cyan Communications,
192 p.). Internet auctions. Online community of
strangers (168 million registered users in 33 countries), trust they exude when exchanging goods,
money.
(e-Bay), Ken Steiglitz (2007).
Snipers, Shills & Sharks: eBay and Human Behavior. (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 298 p.). Professor of Computer Science
(Princeton University). Internet auctions; Game theory.
eBay through lens of auction theory; how human
behaviors in open markets like eBay can be substantially more complex
than those predicted by standard economic theory.
Pierre Omidyar(founder, eBay)
(Google), John Battelle (2005).
The Search: The Inside Story of How Google and Its Rivals Changed
Everything. (New York, NY: Portfolio, 288 p.). Co-founding
Editor of Wired, Founder of The Industry Standard. Google (Firm);
Google; Internet industry--United States; Web search engines; Internet
searching; Information society--United States.
Story of Google's success: how search technology works, power of
targeted advertising, impact on society.
(Google), Neil Taylor (2005).
Search Me: The Surprising Success of Google. (London: Cyan,
192 p.). Google; Google (Firm); Google; Internet industry--United
States; Brand name products -- Case studies.
(Google), David Vise, Mark Malseed (2005).
The Google Story. (New York, NY: Delacorte Press, 336
p.). Reporter (Washington Post); Researcher. Google (Firm);
Google; Internet industry--United States; Web search engines;
Internet searching; Information society--United States.
Account of
the populist which media company.
Sergi Brin and Larry
Page- Founders, Google (http://www.mihaidragan.ro/ images/
imgarticole/Sergey-Brin-si-Larry-Page-_id_41a1f22a1adbd. jpg_thmb.jpg)
(Netscape), Michael A. Cusumano and David B. Yoffie (1998). Competing on Internet Time: Lessons from Netscape and Its Battle with
Microsoft. (New York, NY: Free Press, 361 p.). Internet Software
Industry, Netscape Communications, Microsoft Corporation.
(Netscape), Joshua Quittner and Michelle Slatalla (1998). Speeding the Net: The inside Story of Netscape and How It Challenged
Microsoft (New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press, 323 p.).
Netscape Communications Corporation--History; Microsoft
Corporation--History; Internet software industry--United
States--History.
(Netscape), Jim Clark with Owen Edwards (1999). Netscape Time: The
Making of the Billion-Dollar Start-up That Took on Microsoft (New
York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 276 p.). Netscape Communications
Corporation -- History; Internet software industry -- United States --
History.
Jim Clark-
Netscape
(http://www.bobadler.com/jim clark-6.jpg)
Marc Andreesen- Netscape (http://www.ibiblio.org/ pioneers/
images/pics/andreessen.gif)
(PayPal), Eric M. Jackson (2004). The PayPal Wars: Battles with
eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth. (Los
Angeles, CA: World Ahead Pub., 344 p.). Former PayPal Senior U.S.
Marketing Director. PayPal (Firm); Electronic funds transfers equipment
industry; Electronic commerce; Payment--United States.
(Siebel Systems), Thomas M. Siebel (2001). Taking Care of Ebusiness: How
Today's Market Leaders Are Increasing Revenue, Productivity, and Customer
Satisfaction. (New York, NY: Doubleday. Founder, Chairman, and CEO of Siebel
Systems. Electronic commerce; Success in business; Strategic planning.
(Yahoo!), Anthony Vlamis & Bob Smith (2001). Do You?
Business
the Yahoo! Way: Secrets of the World's Most Popular Internet Company.
(Milford, CT: Capstone, 231 p.). Yahoo! Inc.; Internet
industry--United States.
(Yahoo!), Karen Angel (2002). Inside Yahoo!: Reinvention and the
Road Ahead. (New York, NY: Wiley, 276 p.). Yahoo! Inc.; Success in
business.
David Filo-
Yahoo
(http://us.i1.yimg.com/us.yimg. com/ i/docs/david_filo.jpg)
Jerry Yang-Yahoo (http://www.forbes.com/ media/
peopletracker/ 241/240707_TS.jpg)
Janet Abbate (1999).Inventing the Internet. (Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 264 p.). Internet, Computer Network.
Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti (1999). Weaving the Web: The
Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its
Inventor. (San Francisco, CA: Harper, 226 p.). Berners-Lee, Tim;
World Wide Web (Information retrieval system)--History.
John Cassidy (2001). Dot.Con:
How America Lost Its Mind and Money in the Internet Era. (New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Staff Writer (New Yorker). Internet industry--United States--Finance;
Electronic commerce--United States--Finance; Stocks--United States;
Electronic trading of securities--United States.
Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu (2006).
Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World.
(New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 240 p.). Internet--Social
aspects; Internet--Government policy; Internet--Law and legislation.Internet's challenge to governmental rule in the
1990s, ensuing battles with governments around the world.
Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon (1996). Where Wizards Stay Up
Late: The Origins of the Internet. (New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster, 304 p.). Internet.
Leslie S. Hiraoka (2005).
Underwriting the Internet: How Technical Advances, Financial
Engineering, and Entrepreneurial Genius Are Building the Information
Highway. (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 297 p.). Department
of Management Science (Kean University). Internet; Internet--Economic
aspects; Information superhighway.Internet's commercial development.
Casey Kait and Stephen Weiss (2001).
Digital Hustlers: Living Large and Falling Hard in Silicon Alley.
(New York, NY: Regan Books, 344 p.). Internet industry--New York
(State)--New York--Case studies; Entrepreneurship--New York
(State)--New York--Case studies.
Philip J. Kaplan (2002).
F'd Companies: Spectacular Dot.com Flameouts. (New York, NY:
Simon & Schuster, 191 p.). President of PK Interactive. F'd companies
: spectacular dot.com flameouts / Philip J. Kaplan; Business
failures--United States--Case studies; Internet industry--United
States--Case studies; Electronic commerce--United States--Case
studies.
Byung-Keun Kim (2005).
Internationalising the Internet: The Co-Evolution of Influence and
Technology. (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 300
p.). Professor, School of Industrial Management (Korea University of
Technology and Education). Internet--Economic aspects;
Internet--Social aspects; Technological innovations--Economic aspects;
Technological innovations--Social aspects.
Global formation of Internet system, how digital economy formed.
Michael Lewis (2001).
Next: The Future Just Happened. (New York, NY: Norton, 236
p.). Internet--Social aspects; Internet--Economic aspects.
Eds. Robert E. Litan and Alice M. Rivlin (2001). The Economic
Payoff from the Internet Revolution. (Washington, DC: Brookings
Institution Press, 292 p.). Technological innovations--Economic
aspects; Business enterprises--Computer network resources; Internet;
Evolutionary economics.
D. Quinn Mills (2002). Buy, Lie, and Sell High: How Investors
Lost Out on Enron and the Internet Bubble. (New York, NY:
Financial Times Prentice Hall, 288 p.).
Internet industry--Finance; Internet industry--United States; Online
information services industry--Finance; Investments.
Christos P. Moschovitis (1999). History of the Internet : A
Chronology, 1843 to the Present. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 312
p.). Internet (Computer network); Telecommunication--History.
Louis E. V. Nevaer (2002). The Dot-Com Debacle and the Return to
Reason. (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 317 p.). Electronic commerce;
High technology industries.
Anthony B. Perkins, Michael C. Perkins (2001). The Internet
Bubble: The Inside Story on Why It Burst--and What You Can Do To
Profit Now. (New York, NY: HarperBusiness, 327 p.). Internet
industry--Finance; Online information services industry--Finance.
Robert H. Reid (1997). Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That
Built the Future of Business. (New York, NY: Wiley, 370 p.).
Computer software industry--United States--History;
Businesspeople--United States--Biography; World Wide Web--History.
Gary Rivlin (2001). The Godfather of Silicon Valley: Ron Conway
and the Fall of the Dot-Coms. (New York, NY: AtRandom.com, 103 p.).
Journalist. Conway, Ron; Electronic commerce--United States; Capitalists
and financiers--United States.
Stephen Segaller (1998). Nerds 2.0.1: A Brief History of the
Internet. (New York, NY: TV Books, 399 p.). Internet--History;
Computer networks--History; Telecommunications engineers--United
States; Information technology--History--20th century.
Clifford Stoll (1995). Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts on the
Information Highway. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 247 p.). Computers
and civilization; Internet; Information technology.
Walter B. Wriston (2007).
Bits, Bytes, and Balance Sheets: The New Economic Rules of Engagement in
a New Wireless World. (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press,
Stanford University, 160 p.). Former Chairman, CEO of Citicorp.
Internet--Economic aspects; Information technology; Electronic commerce.Consequences of changes produced by new economy of Internet; new rules
(based on economic dogma not human nature), intellectual capital more important
than physical capital;
information revolution has radically affected business, government
practices, political policymaking throughout world; personal ethics of
good people should regulate new economy, not increased government
regulation, not more laws.
Matthew A. Zook
(2005).
The Geography of the Internet Industry: Venture Capital, Dot-Coms, and
Local Knowledge. (Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 200 p.,). Internet
industry--Location.
Business History Links
First U.S. Web Site: Documentation of the Early Web at SLAC
(1991-1994)
http://www.slac.stanford.edu/history/earlyweb/
This collection documents the installation of the first United States
Web server at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). Features a
chronology, images of the first SLAC Web pages, a list of some of the
people involved in Web activities at SLAC (along with publications such
as "The Virtual Library in Action"), and other related documents. From
Archivist Jean Marie Deken of the SLAC Archives and History Office.
The Museum of E-Failure
http://www.disobey.com/ghostsites/
The Museum of E-Failure bears witness to the dot.bomb phenomenon, presenting the
last images of the front pages of failed Websites. Steve Baldwin, who maintains
the site, explains, "It is my hope that these screenshots may serve as a
reminder of the glory, folly, and historically unique design sensibilities of
the Web's Great Gilded Age (1995-2001)." The sites are arranged in a long list,
with recent additions on the top of the page. Clicking on a site name brings up
a screen shot of the site's farewell front page. A sort of virtual graveyard,
the Museum of E-Failure represents a memorial on the side of the information
highway.
Net History
http://www.nethistory.info/index.html
Not-for-profit project, started by Internet expert and historian Ian
Peter, as overview portal for Internet history materials.
What Are CERN's Greatest
Achievements?: The World Wide Web
http://public.web.cern.ch/public/Content/Chapters/
AboutCERN/Achievements/WorldWideWeb/WWW-en.htm
History of the
invention of the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, a
scientist at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research). "The
basic idea of WWW was to merge the technologies of personal computers,
computer networking and hypertext into a powerful and easy to use global
information system." Discusses early Web pages, Web servers, browsers,
how the Web is not identical to the Internet, and how the Web works.
From CERN.
W3C: History
http://www.w3.org/Consortium/history
History of the creation of the Web in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee and of the
origins of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), founded in 1994.
Highlights include Berners-Lee's original proposal for the Web, a
biography and FAQ from Berners-Lee, and archival documents about the
organization and uses of the Web. From W3C.