Computers
January 1, 1939 - Bill Hewlett
and David Packard formalized partnership (with encouragement of Stanford
professor and mentor Fred Terman); decided company's name with a coin
toss; revenue: $5369. Employees: 2; operations in shed behind house in
which Packard rented an apartment; $538 working capital consists of cash
and a used Sears-Roebuck drill press.
October 19, 1970 - Dr. Gene Amdahl, former IBM Fellow, director of IBM's Advanced
Computing Systems (ACS) Laboratory in Menlo Park, CA,founded Amdahl Corporation
in in Sunnyvale, CA;
specialized in IBM mainframe-compatible computer products; 1997
- acquired by Fujitsu.
November 17, 1970 - Douglas
C. Engelbart, of Palo Alto, CA, received a patent for an "X-Y Position
Indicator for a Display System"; assigned to Stanford Research
Institute; computer mouse (key element of NLS computer, oN Line System,
for two or more users on the same document from different workstations);
called a "mouse" because of its tail-like cable; first mouse was simple
hollowed-out wooden block with a single push button on top to select,
move, manipulate text.
February 1, 1972 - Hewlett-Packard introduced first scientific hand-held calculator
(HP-35) for $395; 35 keys, first hand-held calculator able to perform
logarithmic, trigonometric functions with one keystroke; February
1975 - production discontinued.
April 1, 1976 - Steve Jobs (entrepreneur) and Steve Wozniak (engineer) created
computer circuit boards in Jobs's parents' Los Altos, CA garage, named the product
Apple I, sold it to a local computer store; initial financing: Jobs sold
his VW van, Wozniak sold his Hewlett Packard calculator; January 3, 1977 - company
incorporated; December 12, 1980 - went public.
April 16, 1977 - Apple ll introduced at the first West Coast Computer Faire, 4KB model for $970 (Tandy TRS-80 and Commodore PET also introduced in 1977).
January 19, 1983 - Apple introduced Lisa (Local Integrated Software Architecture);
operating system featured multitasking and virtual memory.
January 24, 1984 - Apple Computer unveiled Macintosh personal computer; January
30, 1984 - Steve Jobs first publicly
demonstrated Macintosh computer.
April 8, 1985 - Amdahl released UTS/V, first mainframe Unix.
May 13, 1991- Apple released Macintosh System 7.0.
August 6, 1997
- Apple Computer, Microsoft agreed to share technology; Microsoft
acquired minority stake in Apple for $150 million.
September 16, 1997
- Apple Computer rehired founder , former CEO Steve Jobs to
temporarily run company during search for permanent leader.
October 23, 1999 - Apple Computer's
Mac OS 9 released.
October 23, 2001
- Apple introduced iPod portable music player; 2006 -
domestic market share in flash-memory players = 68%
(source: NPD Group); iPod sales reached 100 million (Sony Walkman
- 14 years).
October 12, 2005
- Apple Computer released Video iPod.
2006 - Hewlett Packard passed IBM, became revenue leader in computer industry; largest
information company in world.
October 22, 2007
- Apple Computer reported better-than-expected fourth quarter earnings
(profit rose 67 percent year over year to $1.01 per share on revenue of
$6.22 billion), stock rose to all time high just above $189 per share,
market value reached $161 billion = most valuable computer maker, 4th
most valuable technology company: Microsoft ($329 billion), Google ($211
billion), Cisco Systems ($195 billion).
(Amdahl Corporation), Jeffrey L. Rodengen (2000).
The Legend of Amdahl. (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff
Syndicate,, 144 p.). Amdahl Corporation--History; Computer industry--United
States--History.
(Apple), Michael Moritz (1984). The Little Kingdom: The Private
Story of Apple Computer. (New York, NY: Morrow, 336 p.). Apple
computer--History.
(Apple), John Scully with John A. Byrne (1987). Odyssey: Pepsi
to Apple -- a Journey of Adventure, Ideas and the Future. (New
York, NY: Harper & Row, 450 p.). Computer Industry, Apple Computer.
(Apple), Lee Butcher (1988). Accidental Millionaire: The Rise
and Fall of Steven Jobs at Apple Computer. (New York, NY: Paragon
House, 224 p.). Jobs, Steven, 1955- ; Apple Computer, Inc.--History;
Computer industry--United States--History; Businessmen--United
States--Biography.
(Apple), Jeffrey S. Young (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the
Reward. (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 440 p.). Jobs, Steven,
1955- ; Microcomputers--Biography; Apple computer--History.
(Apple), Frank Rose (1989). West of Eden: The End of Innocence
at Apple Computer. (New York, NY: Viking, 356 p.). Apple Computer,
Inc.--History; Computer industry--United States--History.
(Apple), Guy Kawasaki (1990). The Macintosh Way. (New York,
NY: HarperPerennial, 209 p. [orig. pub. 1989]). Apple Computer, Inc.
Macintosh Division--History; Macintosh
(Computer)--Programming--Marketing--History; Computer
software--Marketing--History;
Microcomputers--Programming--Marketing--History.
(Apple), Doug Menuez, photography; Markos Kounalakis, text; Paul
Saffo, introduction (1993). Defying Gravity: The Making of Newton.
(Hillsboro, OR: Beyond Words Pub., 176 p.). Apple Computer, Inc.;
Computer software industry--United States--Case studies.
(Apple), Jim Carlton (1997). Apple: The inside Story of
Intrigue, Egomania and Business Blunders That Toppled an American
Icon. (New York, NY: Times Business/Random House, 465 p.). Apple
Computer, Computer Industry.
(Apple), Gil Amelio and William L. Simon (1998). On the Firing
Line: My 500 Days at Apple. (New York, NY: HarperBusiness, 298
p.). Amelio, Gil; Apple Computer, Inc.--Management; Executives--United
States--Biography; Computer industry--United States--Management--Case
studies.
(Apple), Owen W. Linzmayer (1999). Apple Confidential: The Real
Story of Apple Computer, Inc. (San Francisco, CA: No Starch Press,
268 p.). Apple Computer, Inc.--History; Computer industry--United
States--History.
(Apple), Michael S. Malone (1999). Infinite Loop: How the
World's Most Insanely Great Computer Company Went Insane (New
York, NY: Doubleday, 597 p.). Editor (Forbes ASAP). Apple Computer,
Inc.; Corporate culture -- Case studies; Computer industry -- Case
studies.
(Apple), Alan Deutschman (2000). The Second Coming of Steve
Jobs. (New York, NY: Broadway Books, 321 p.). Contributing Editor
(Vanity Fair). Jobs, Steven, 1955- ; Apple Computer, Inc.; Computer
industry--United States; Corporate culture--United States.
(Apple), Steven Levy (2000).Insanely Great: The Life and Times
of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything. (New York, NY:
Penguin Books, 328 p. [orig. pub. 1984]). Macintosh (Computer).
(Apple), Jeffrey L. Cruikshank (2005).
The Apple Way. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 224 p.). Cofounder
of Kohn-Cruikshank, Inc. Jobs, Steven, 1955- ; Apple Computer, Inc.;
Computer industry--United States; Corporate culture--United States.
Secrets and management principles that keep
Apple ahead.
(Apple), Dylan Jones (2005).
iPod, Therefore I Am: Thinking Inside the White Box. (New
York, NY: Bloomsbury, 288 p.). Editor-in-Chief of British GQ. iPod
(Digital music player).
(Apple), Jeffrey S. Young, William L. Simon (2005). iCon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of
Business. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 320 p.). Jobs, Steven,
1955- ; Apple Computer, Inc.--History; Computer engineers--United
States--Biography.
(Apple), Steve Wozniak with Gina Smith (2006).
iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer,
Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. (New York, NY: Norton,
288 p.). Co-Founder, Apple Computer. Wozniak, Steve, 1950- ; Apple
Computer, Inc.--History; Computer engineers--United States--Biography;
Inventors--United States--Biography; Computer industry--United
States--History. 1975 - combined computer
circuitry with regular typewriter keyboard and a video screen.
(Apple), Steven Levy (2006).
The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness.
(New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 284 p.). Chief Technology Correspondent
(Newsweek). Apple Computer, Inc.; iPod (Digital music player).
Story of creation of the iPod -one of most successful consumer
products in decades, changed behavior and society and Apple.
Steve Jobs(http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/ 09/01/steve.jobs.bio.idg/story.jobs.jpg)
Steve Wozniak(co-founder, Apple)
(http://apple2history.org/museum/ articles/ca8609/wozcolor.jpg)
(ASK Computer), Sandra L. Kurtzig with Tom Parker (1991).
CEO:
Building a $400 Million Company from the Ground Up. (New York, NY:
Norton, 303 p.). Kurtzig, Sandra L.; Women executives--United
States--Biography; Computer industry--United States--History.
(Claris Corp.), Randy Komisar (2000).
The Monk and the Riddle: The
Education of a Silicon Valley Entrepreneur. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Business School Press, 181 p.). Co-founder of Claris Corp., CEO of Lucas
Arts and Entertainment, CEO of Crystal Dynamics. Komisar, Randy, 1954- ;
Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Entrepreneurship--United
States--Biography.
(GO Corporation), Jerry Kaplan (1995).
Startup: A Silicon Valley
Adventure. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 322 p.). Founder of
OnSale. Kaplan, Jerry; GO Corporation--History; Computer
industry--California--Santa Clara County; Entrepreneurship--United
States--Case studies; Pen-based computers--History.
Keyboardless-computer? Not yet.
(Hewlett-Packard), David Packard ; edited by David Kirby with Karen
Lewis (1995).
The HP Way: How Bill Hewlett and I Built Our Company. (New
York, NY: HarperBusiness, 212 p.). Co-Founder of Hewlett-Packard.
Packard, David, 1912- ; Hewlett, William R.; Hewlett-Packard
Company--History; Microelectronics industry--United States--History;
Computer industry--United States--History; Electronics
engineers--United States--Biography; Businessmen--United
States--Biography.
(Hewlett-Packard), Barbara Waugh with Margot Silk Forrest (2001).
The Soul in the Computer: The Story of a Corporate Revolutionary.
(Maui, HI: Inner Ocean, 249 p.). Waugh, Barbara; Hewlett-Packard
Company; Social responsibility of business; Corporate culture; Social
action; Political activists.
(Hewlett-Packard), George Anders (2003). Perfect Enough: Carly
Fiorina and the Reinvention of Hewlett-Packard. (New York, NY:
Portfolio, 288 p.).
Former Reporter (Wall Street Journal). Fiorina, Carly; Packard, David,
1912- ;Hewlett, William R.; Hewlett-Packard Company--Management;
Hewlett-Packard Company--History; Electronic industries--United
States--Management--Case studies; Computer industry--United
States--Management--Case studies; Organizational change--United
States--Case studies; Women executives--United States--Biography;
Businesspeople--United States--Biography.
(Hewlett-Packard), Peter Burrows (2003). Backfire: Carly Fiorina's
High-Stakes Battle for the Soul of Hewlett-Packard. (Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley, 296 p.). Fiorina, Carly;
Hewlett, William R.; Hewlett-Packard Company; Compaq Computer
Corporation; Electronic industries--United States; Computer
industry--United States; Consolidation and merger of
corporations--United States--Case studies; Corporations--Investor
relations--United States--Case studies.
(Hewlett-Packard), Carly Fiorina (2006).
Tough Choices: A Memoir. (New York, NY: Portfolio, 336 p.).
Former President and CEO of Hewlett-Packard from 1999 to 2005. Fiorina,
Carly; Women executives--United States--Biography.
Led HP for six years through drastic changes, controversial merger; sudden,
very public firing by board. Was it about performance?
Bill Hewlett(http://www.hewlett.org/NR/ rdonlyres/61387780-D15E-48FF-9701-3CE19A1EBFEF/0/BillHewlett.jpg)
David Packard(http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/execteam/ bios/images/packard.jpg)
(MIPS), Michael S. Malone (1991). Going Public: MIPS Computer and
the Entrepreneurial Dream. (New York, NY: E. Burlingame Books, 291
p.). Going public (Securities)--Case studies; Entrepreneurship--Case
studies; Computer industry--Case studies.
(Osborne Computer Corporation), Adam Osborne and John Dvorak (1984).
Hypergrowth: The Rise and Fall of Osborne Computer Corporation.
(Berkeley, CA: Idthekkethan Pub. Co., 204 p.). Osborne Computer
Corporation; Computer industry--United States; Microcomputers.
Adam Osborne(http://www.geocities.com/the_wanderling/
osborne02.jpg)
Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine (2000).Fire in the Valley:
The Making of the Personal Computer (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,
463 p. [2nd. ed]). Microcomputers--United States-History.
Dennis Hayes (1989). Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of
Work in a Lonely Era. (Boston, MA: South End Press, 215 p.).
Computer industry--California--Santa Clara Valley (Santa Clara County).
Robert Slater (1987). Portraits in Silicon (Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 374 p.). Computer Industry.
Eric G. Swedin, David L. Ferro (2007).
Computers: The Life Story of a Technology. (Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 192 p.). Associate Professor in Information
Systems and Technologies (Weber State University); Associate Professor
in Computer Science (Weber State University). Computers and
civilization; Computers--history. Short history of dynamic
technology, central themes from ancient times to present day; revolutionized how we
organize information, how we communicate with each other,
way we think about human mind.
Business History Links
Apple Computer, Inc. History
www.apple-history.com
Covers the period of the invention of the Apple I in 1976 through the
present day. The History section details the history of Apple and the
people who made it (available in English, German, Japanese, Spanish, and
Swedish). The Gallery is a comprehensive catalog including photos and
specifications of all Apple computers ever built.
Computer History Museum
http://www.computerhistory.org/
Established in 1996 - a public benefit organization dedicated to the
preservation and celebration of computing history. Mission: to preserve
and present for posterity the artifacts and stories of the information
age, the history of the computing revolution and its worldwide impact on
the human experience. Home to one of the largest collections of
computing artifacts in the world, a collection comprising over 4,000
artifacts, 10,000 images, 4,000 linear feet of cataloged documentation
and gigabytes of software.
The Evolution of the Computer
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/recording/computer1.html
Organized by Steve Schoenherr, Professor of History, University of San
Diego.
Hewlett Packard History
http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/abouthp/histnfacts/timeline/index.html
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